"""Plugin discovery and loading.

The loader reads each plugin's manifest.json before instantiating the
plugin class. Dependency sorting and contract-version compatibility
checks operate on manifests, not plugin instances. The plugin class is
imported and instantiated only after the manifest passes validation.

Failure policy (per the enforcing-plugin-contract skill):
- In dev/test (app.config.DEBUG or TESTING true): re-raise the original
  exception so failures are loud.
- In production: log the failure with full context and exclude the
  plugin from registration. The framework keeps booting.
"""

import importlib
import importlib.util
import json
import logging
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Dict, List, Type, Optional

from flask import Flask
from packaging.specifiers import SpecifierSet, InvalidSpecifier
from packaging.version import Version, InvalidVersion

from .base import BasePlugin
from .registry import PluginRegistry
from ..exceptions import (
    PluginError,
    PluginNotFoundError,
    PluginContractError,
    PluginVersionError,
    PluginDependencyError,
)

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


class PluginLoader:
    """Discovers and loads plugins from the plugins directory."""

    def __init__(self, plugins_dir: Path, registry: PluginRegistry):
        self.plugins_dir = plugins_dir
        self.registry = registry
        self._loaded_plugins: Dict[str, BasePlugin] = {}
        self._plugin_classes: Dict[str, Type[BasePlugin]] = {}
        self._manifests: Dict[str, dict] = {}
        # Set by PluginManager.init_app; a PluginVerifier or None (no policy).
        self.verifier = None

    def _is_strict_mode(self, app: Optional[Flask]) -> bool:
        """Return True if loader should re-raise instead of isolating failures."""
        if app is None:
            return True
        return bool(app.config.get('DEBUG') or app.config.get('TESTING'))

    def _handle_failure(self, app: Optional[Flask], exc: Exception, name: str) -> None:
        """In strict mode re-raise; in production log with context and continue."""
        if self._is_strict_mode(app):
            raise exc
        logger.exception(f'Plugin {name} failed to load: {exc}')

    def discover_plugins(self) -> List[str]:
        """Discover available plugins in plugins directory."""
        available = []
        if not self.plugins_dir.exists():
            return available

        for item in self.plugins_dir.iterdir():
            if not item.is_dir():
                continue
            if (item / 'plugin.py').exists():
                available.append(item.name)

        return available

    def load_manifest(self, name: str) -> dict:
        """Load the plugin's manifest.json.

        Raises PluginNotFoundError if the manifest does not exist or is
        unparseable. The result is cached.
        """
        if name in self._manifests:
            return self._manifests[name]

        manifest_path = self.plugins_dir / name / 'manifest.json'
        if not manifest_path.exists():
            raise PluginNotFoundError(
                f'Plugin {name} has no manifest.json at {manifest_path}',
                plugin_name=name,
            )

        try:
            with open(manifest_path) as f:
                manifest = json.load(f)
        except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
            raise PluginContractError(
                f'Plugin {name} has invalid manifest.json: {e}',
                plugin_name=name,
            ) from e

        for required in ('name', 'version', 'description'):
            if not manifest.get(required):
                raise PluginContractError(
                    f'Plugin {name} manifest.json missing required field "{required}"',
                    plugin_name=name,
                )

        if manifest['name'] != name:
            raise PluginContractError(
                f'Plugin directory "{name}" does not match manifest name "{manifest["name"]}"',
                plugin_name=name,
            )

        self._manifests[name] = manifest
        return manifest

    def check_contract_version(self, name: str, contract_version: str) -> None:
        """Verify the plugin's core_version range includes contract_version.

        Raises PluginVersionError on mismatch.
        """
        manifest = self.load_manifest(name)
        core_version_spec = manifest.get('core_version', '')

        if not core_version_spec:
            return

        try:
            specifier = SpecifierSet(core_version_spec)
            framework_version = Version(contract_version)
        except (InvalidSpecifier, InvalidVersion) as e:
            raise PluginContractError(
                f'Plugin {name} has invalid version specifier "{core_version_spec}": {e}',
                plugin_name=name,
            ) from e

        if framework_version not in specifier:
            raise PluginVersionError(
                f'Plugin {name} requires core_version {core_version_spec} '
                f'but framework is at {contract_version}',
                plugin_name=name,
            )

    def load_plugin_class(self, name: str) -> Type[BasePlugin]:
        """Import the plugin's plugin.py and return the BasePlugin subclass.

        Raises PluginNotFoundError if plugin.py is missing.
        Raises PluginContractError if the module has no BasePlugin subclass
        or import fails.
        """
        if name in self._plugin_classes:
            return self._plugin_classes[name]

        plugin_dir = self.plugins_dir / name
        plugin_module_path = plugin_dir / 'plugin.py'
        if not plugin_module_path.exists():
            raise PluginNotFoundError(
                f'Plugin {name} plugin.py not found at {plugin_module_path}',
                plugin_name=name,
            )

        # Under enforcement, verify plugin.py from a SINGLE read and exec exactly
        # those bytes (no re-open, no .pyc), so there is no verify-vs-exec gap on
        # this file. Its submodule imports (from .models import ...) and every
        # `from plugins.X...` in core code are verified by the sys.meta_path
        # guard installed at init_app - the import system, not this method, is
        # the real choke point (findings #1, #2, #3).
        enforcing = self.verifier is not None and self.verifier.require_signed
        if enforcing:
            from .packaging import strip_bytecode, no_bytecode
            from .importguard import PluginImportGuard, PluginVerificationError
            strip_bytecode(plugin_dir)
            try:
                source = PluginImportGuard(
                    self.plugins_dir, self.verifier).verified_source(
                        name, 'plugin.py')
            except PluginVerificationError as e:
                raise PluginContractError(
                    f'Plugin {name} failed signature verification: {e}',
                    plugin_name=name,
                ) from e
            try:
                spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(
                    f'plugins.{name}.plugin', plugin_module_path)
                module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
                with no_bytecode():
                    exec(compile(source, str(plugin_module_path), 'exec'),
                         module.__dict__)
            except Exception as e:
                raise PluginContractError(
                    f'Plugin {name} import failed: {e}',
                    plugin_name=name,
                ) from e
        else:
            try:
                spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(
                    f'plugins.{name}.plugin', plugin_module_path,
                )
                module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
                spec.loader.exec_module(module)
            except Exception as e:
                raise PluginContractError(
                    f'Plugin {name} import failed: {e}',
                    plugin_name=name,
                ) from e

        for attr_name in dir(module):
            attr = getattr(module, attr_name)
            if (isinstance(attr, type)
                    and issubclass(attr, BasePlugin)
                    and attr is not BasePlugin):
                self._plugin_classes[name] = attr
                return attr

        raise PluginContractError(
            f'Plugin {name} module has no BasePlugin subclass',
            plugin_name=name,
        )

    def load_plugin(self, name: str, app: Flask, db) -> Optional[BasePlugin]:
        """Load and instantiate a plugin.

        Returns the plugin instance on success. In strict mode (dev/test),
        any failure raises. In production, returns None and logs the
        failure with full context.
        """
        if name in self._loaded_plugins:
            return self._loaded_plugins[name]

        try:
            from shopdb import __contract_version__

            manifest = self.load_manifest(name)
            self.check_contract_version(name, __contract_version__)

            # verify-at-load is enforced inside load_plugin_class (the single
            # import choke point), so EVERY path that imports plugin code -
            # load_plugin, discover_available, CLI introspection - fails closed.

            for dep in manifest.get('dependencies', []):
                if not self.registry.is_enabled(dep):
                    raise PluginDependencyError(
                        f'Plugin {name} requires {dep} which is not enabled',
                        plugin_name=name,
                    )

            plugin_class = self.load_plugin_class(name)
            plugin = plugin_class()
            plugin.init_app(app, db)

            self._loaded_plugins[name] = plugin
            return plugin

        except PluginError as e:
            self._handle_failure(app, e, name)
            return None
        except Exception as e:
            wrapped = PluginError(
                f'Unexpected failure loading plugin {name}: {e}',
                plugin_name=name,
            )
            self._handle_failure(app, wrapped, name)
            return None

    def load_enabled_plugins(self, app: Flask, db) -> Dict[str, BasePlugin]:
        """Load all enabled plugins in dependency order."""
        loaded = {}

        enabled = self.registry.get_enabled_plugins()
        sorted_plugins = self._sort_by_dependencies(enabled)

        for name in sorted_plugins:
            plugin = self.load_plugin(name, app, db)
            if plugin:
                loaded[name] = plugin
                logger.info(f'Loaded plugin: {name} v{plugin.meta.version}')

        return loaded

    def _sort_by_dependencies(self, plugin_names: List[str]) -> List[str]:
        """Sort plugins so dependencies come first.

        Reads dependencies from manifest.json directly; does not
        instantiate plugin classes during sort. Detects a dependency cycle
        (a back edge in the DFS) and raises PluginDependencyError rather than
        looping or silently dropping a plugin.
        """
        sorted_list = []
        visited = set()    # fully processed (post-order emitted)
        visiting = set()   # on the current DFS stack; a revisit here is a cycle

        def visit(name):
            if name in visited:
                return
            if name in visiting:
                raise PluginDependencyError(
                    f'Circular plugin dependency involving "{name}"',
                    plugin_name=name,
                )
            visiting.add(name)
            # Only the manifest read is tolerant; a cycle raised by a nested
            # visit must propagate, so the dep recursion sits outside the guard
            # (PluginDependencyError is itself a PluginError).
            try:
                deps = self.load_manifest(name).get('dependencies', [])
            except PluginError:
                deps = []
            for dep in deps:
                if dep in plugin_names:
                    visit(dep)
            visiting.discard(name)
            visited.add(name)
            sorted_list.append(name)

        for name in plugin_names:
            visit(name)

        return sorted_list

    def get_loaded_plugin(self, name: str) -> Optional[BasePlugin]:
        """Get an already loaded plugin."""
        return self._loaded_plugins.get(name)

    def get_all_loaded(self) -> Dict[str, BasePlugin]:
        """Get all loaded plugins."""
        return self._loaded_plugins.copy()
